Smallholder farmers in Ethiopia face increasing challenges from climate change and variability, which threaten their food security and livelihoods. This study examines how adopting single and combined climate change adaptation practices affects their vulnerability to food insecurity in Bench Maji Zone, southwest Ethiopia. Through multistage sampling, data was gathered from 390 rural households in four climate-prone districts. The study examines the impacts resulting from both individual and combined implementations of adaptation techniques. These techniques encompass crop management practices, soil and water conservation measures, and livelihood portfolio diversification strategies. The study employed the multinomial endogenous treatment effect regression model to address selection bias and endogeneity resulting from various sources of heterogeneity, whether observed or unobserved. The results show that farmers who adopted adaptation practices were less vulnerable to food insecurity than those who did not. The study also finds that adopting multiple practices has a more significant impact than adopting single practices. Our findings suggest that implementing climate change adaptation strategies can increase the resilience of smallholder farmers in the study area and decrease their vulnerability to food insecurity. The study recommends supporting farmers in adopting these strategies through research and development, information dissemination, and collaborations among farmers, researchers, and extension services.

https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135766

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Shiferaw Felekehttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0759-4070

Tahirou Abdoulayehttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8072-1363

https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135766

Social Science and Agribusiness

Agribusiness; Agronomy; Climate Change; Food Security; Smallholder Farmers

Climate Change Adaptation; Food Security; Vulnerability; Biological Rhythms; Smallholder Farmers; Ethiopia

Africa; East Africa

Ethiopia

Headquarters and Western Africa Hub

Sustainability